6. Accounting and valuation principles

The Annual Financial Statements of the companies included in the Consolidated Financial Statements are based on uniform accounting and valuation principles. The following specific accounting and valuation principles were applied.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are capitalised if the assets are identifiable, a future inflow of benefits can be expected and the acquisition and production costs can be ascertained reliably. Intangible assets acquired in return for payment are recognised at acquisition cost. Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortised over their economic life. The Group reviews the underlying amortisation methods and the useful lives of its intangible assets with a finite useful life as of each balance sheet date.

Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are subjected to an impairment test at least once a year. If necessary, value adjustments are made in line with future expectations. In the reporting period, there were no intangible assets with an indefinite useful life apart from derivative goodwill.

Internally generated intangible assets are recognised at the costs incurred in their development phase between the time when technological and economic feasibility is determined and production. Costs include all directly attributable costs incurred during the development phase.

The capitalised amount of development costs is subject to an impairment test at least once per year if the asset is not yet in use or if there is evidence of impairment during the course of the year.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is reported at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortisation and impairment. The costs of ongoing maintenance are recognised immediately in profit and loss. The production costs include specific expenses and appropriate portions of attributable production overheads. Demolition obligations are included in the acquisition or production costs at the present value of the obligation as of the time when it arises and an equivalent provision is recognised at the same time. The HHLA Group does not use the revaluation method of accounting. The carrying amounts for property, plant and equipment are tested for impairment if there is evidence that the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

Depreciation is carried out on a straight-line basis over an asset’s economic life.

The following table shows the principal useful lives which are assumed:

Borrowing costs

According to IAS 23, borrowing costs which can be directly attributed to the acquisition or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised as a component of the acquisition or production cost of the asset in question. Borrowing costs which cannot be directly attributed to a qualifying asset are recognised as an expense at the time they are incurred.

Investment property

Investment property consists of buildings held for the purpose of generating rental income or for capital gain, and not for supplying goods or services, for administrative purposes or for sale as part of normal business operations.

IAS 40 stipulates that investment property be held at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent expenses are capitalised if they result in an increase in the investment property’s value in use. The useful lives applied are the same as those for property, plant and equipment used by the Group.

The fair values of these properties are disclosed separately in Note 24.

The carrying amounts for investment property are tested for impairment if there is evidence that the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment of assets

As of each balance sheet date, the Group determines whether there are any indications that an asset may be impaired. If there are such indications, or if an annual impairment test is required, as in the case of goodwill, the Group estimates the recoverable amount. This is ascertained as the higher of the fair value of the asset less selling costs and its value in use. The recoverable amount must be determined for each asset individually unless the asset does not generate cash inflows which are largely independent of those generated by other assets or groups of assets. In this case, the recoverable amount of the smallest cash-generating unit (CGU) must be determined. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is deemed to be impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount. At HHLA, the recoverable amount is generally calculated based on the fair value less selling costs of the cash-generating unit or asset using the discounted cash flow method. This involves discounting estimated future cash flows to their present value using a discount rate after tax which reflects current market expectations of the interest curve and the specific risks of the asset.

The following table shows the discount rate for each cash-generating unit:

The cash flow forecasts in the Group’s current plans, which are usually for the next five years, are used to determine future cash flows. If new information is available when the financial statements are produced, it is taken into account. Growth factors of 1.0 % (previous year: 1.0 %) were applied in the reporting year. When forecasting cash flows, the Group takes future market and sector expectations as well as past experience into account in its planning. Cash flows are primarily determined on the basis of anticipated volumes and income along with the cost structure arising from the level of capacity utilisation achieved and the technology used.

On each reporting date, an assessment is made as to whether an impairment loss recognised in prior periods no longer exists or has decreased. If there are such indications, the recoverable amount is estimated. Previously recognised impairment losses are reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. If this is the case, the carrying amount of the asset is raised to its recoverable amount. This higher carrying amount may not exceed the amount which would have been determined, less depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment losses had been recognised in prior years. Any such reversals must be recognised immediately in profit and loss for the period. Following a reversal, the amount of depreciation or amortisation must be adjusted in subsequent periods in order to write down the adjusted carrying amount of the asset, less any residual value, systematically over its remaining useful life.

Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed.

Financial assets

Depending on the business model under which assets are held and the composition of related payment flows, financial assets are classified at amortised cost, at fair value through other comprehensive income or at fair value through profit and loss.

Business models

IFRS 9 distinguishes between three kinds of business model:

Hold to collect

The objective of this business model is to hold debt instruments, generate contractual cash flows (e.g. interest income) and, upon maturity, to collect the nominal value. In this business model, subsequent measurement is performed at amortised cost, applying the effective interest rate method.

Hold to collect and sell

If debt instruments are held under this business model, the objective is to collect contractual cash flows or to sell the debt instruments. The debt instruments are measured at fair value, with market value fluctuations recorded in equity.

Hold for trading

If debt instruments are held primarily to generate short-term price gains, they are to be assigned to this business model. This category also includes financial assets that do not meet the requirements of the two business models outlined above. Consequently, the debt instruments are measured at fair value through profit and loss.

Nature of payment flows

Alongside the business model, the nature of the contractual cash flows is material. These should only reflect the time value of money and the credit risk of the counterparty. If the interest payments do not meet these criteria, the related debt instruments are assigned to the business model “Hold for trading”.

Classification of financial assets

Impairment of financial assets

Pursuant to IFRS 9, losses will be recorded not only once they occur but also as soon as they are expected, depending on whether the default risk of financial assets has worsened significantly since their acquisition. If there is a significant deterioration and if the default risk is not to be classified as “low” on the balance sheet date, all expected losses over the entire term are to be recorded from this point. Otherwise, only the expected losses over the term of the instrument need to be taken into account that result from potential future loss events within the next twelve months.

Exceptions apply in respect of trade receivables and leasing receivables. For these assets, all expected losses over the entire term must (if they do not contain any significant financing components) or may (if they do contain significant financing components) be taken into account regardless of the change in the default risk.

On each balance sheet date, the Group determines whether a financial asset or a portfolio is impaired. For a detailed description of this method, please see Note 47.

Inventories

Inventories include raw materials, consumables and supplies, work in progress, finished products and merchandise. They are initially recognised at acquisition or production cost. Measurement at the balance sheet date is made at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Standard sequences of consumption procedures are not used for valuation. Work in progress is performed over a period stipulated in the relevant contract. Input-based methods are used to determine the level of progress. As such, HHLA recognises revenues on the basis of the endeavours or inputs of the company to fulfil its performance obligation (e.g. hours worked or costs incurred) in relation to the total inputs expected to fulfil this performance obligation. HHLA only recognises the income of a performance obligation fulfilled over a certain period of time if the progress towards complete fulfilment of the performance obligation can be deemed appropriate.

Liabilities

All financial liabilities are to be measured at amortised cost, applying the effective interest rate method. As soon as HHLA becomes a contracting party, financial liabilities are to be recognised. A liability is derecognised as a result of repayment, buy-back or debt relief. The liability is measured at fair value at the time of acquisition, with acquisition costs constituting the most suitable valuation benchmark. Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities is performed at amortised cost, applying the effective interest rate method.

Throughput-dependent share of earnings attributable to non-controlling interests

Background

A profit and loss transfer agreement was in place between the companies HHLA Container-Terminal Altenwerder GmbH (CTA), Hamburg, and Hamburger Hafen und Logistik Aktiengesellschaft (HHLA), Hamburg, from the 2010 financial year to 31 December 2021. On the basis of this agreement, Hamburger Hafen und Logistik Aktiengesellschaft (HHLA) pledges to pay a financial settlement to the non-controlling interest in the CTA Group for the duration of the agreement. The amount of the financial settlement is based largely on earnings and the throughput handled. Should throughput reach a certain level, it is possible for the proportion of earnings allocated to the financial settlement to exceed the share which would result from the non-controlling shareholder’s stake in the companies.

Classification as a compound financial instrument

Due to the existence of a profit and loss transfer agreement, the interest held by the non-controlling shareholder was classified up until the previous year as a compound financial instrument as per IAS 32.28 because it contains both debt and equity components. These components must be split and entered as either equity or borrowed capital depending on their classification.

Initial measurement

When it was first entered in 2010, the amount of equity to be reported for the non-controlling interests was calculated by deducting the fair value of the debt component. The fair value of the debt component in the form of this financial settlement was established by discounting the anticipated resulting cash outflows during the original term of the profit and loss transfer agreement.

When this debt component was first recorded under financial liabilities Note 38, it was recognised directly in equity and reduced non-controlling interests within equity as a result Note 35.

The profit and loss transfer agreement was terminated on 7 December 2021. This means the company has no obligation to pay a financial settlement from the 2022 financial year onwards.

Subsequent measurement

Financial liabilities arising from the obligation to pay this financial settlement are recorded in the balance sheet at amortised cost. Changes resulting from the expected cash outflows are recognised in profit and loss. The changes result from adjustments to reflect the actual shares in the CTA Group’s earnings and changes in the anticipated future development of the CTA Group. In the previous year, an interest rate of 6.72 % was used for recognising the expected financial settlement for the 2021 financial year. Expenses of € 10,057 thousand (previous year: income of € 5,909 thousand) reported through profit and loss in the reporting year are recorded in financial income Note 16 and only impact the non-controlling interests of the CTA Group. This figure includes expenses of € 8,486 thousand (previous year: income of € 7,961 thousand) from an adjustment to reflect the actual share of earnings and expenses of € 1,571 thousand (previous year: € 2,052 thousand) arising from the discounting payment obligation recognised in the previous year.

Provisions

A provision is formed if the Group has a present (legal or factual) obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is likely to result in an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits, and if the amount required to settle the obligation can be estimated reliably. The provision is formed for the amount expected to be necessary to settle the obligation, including future increases in prices and costs. If the Group anticipates at least a partial reimbursement of an amount made as a provision (e.g. in the case of an insurance contract), the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset only if it is virtually certain. The expenses arising from recognising the provision are disclosed in the income statement after the reimbursement has been deducted. If the interest effect is substantial, non-current provisions are discounted before tax at an interest rate which reflects the specific risks associated with the liability. In the event of discounting, the increase in the amount of the provision over time is recognised under interest expenses.

Pensions and other post-employment benefits

Pension obligations

Pensions and similar obligations include the Group’s benefit obligations under defined benefit obligations. Provisions for pension obligations are calculated in accordance with IAS 19 (revised 2011) using the projected unit credit method. Actuarial gains and losses are taken directly to equity and recognised in other comprehensive income, after accounting for deferred taxes. Service expense affecting net income is recognised in personnel expenses and the interest proportion of the addition to provisions is recognised in the financial result.

Actuarial opinions are commissioned annually to measure pension obligations.

Phased early retirement obligations

The compensation to be paid in the release phase of the so-called block model is recognised as provisions for phased early retirement. It is recognised pro rata over the working period over which the entitlements accrue. Since 1 January 2013 and in accordance with IAS 19 (revised 2011), provisions for supplementary amounts have only been accrued pro rata over the required service period, which regularly ends when the passive phase begins.

Actuarial opinions are commissioned annually to measure compensation obligations in the release phase of the block model and supplementary amounts.

If payment obligations do not become payable until after twelve months’ time because of entitlements in the block model or supplementary amounts, they are recognised at their present value.

Leases

A lease is a contract that entitles one party to use an identifiable asset of the other party for a certain period of time in exchange for payment of a fee.

As the lessee

Pursuant to IFRS 16, the Group generally recognises assets for the usage rights of the leased assets, and liabilities for the payment obligations entered into, for all leases on the balance sheet at their present value. The lessee makes the following payments over the course of the usage period for the leased asset:

• Fixed payments without lease incentives
• Variable lease payments that are pegged to an index or interest rate
• Anticipated residual value payments from residual value guarantees
• The exercise price of a purchase option, if exercise thereof is deemed sufficiently certain
• Compensation payments incurred if the lessee exercises a termination option

Lease payments are discounted using the interest rate on which the lease is based, insofar as this rate can be determined. Otherwise, the incremental borrowing rate of the lessee (HHLA Group) will be included in the discounting.

During initial measurement, rights of use are valued at cost on the date of provision. This includes:

• the amount arising from initial measurement of the lease liability;
• the lease payments made at the time of, or prior to, provision, less any lease incentives received;
• any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee; and
• costs arising from demolition obligations.

Subsequent measurement shall be based on amortised cost. Amortisation on rights of use is recognised on a straight-line basis over the expected useful life or the term of the lease agreement, whichever is shorter. Lease liabilities are carried at their carrying amount using the effective interest rate method.

Lease payments arising from short-term leases, leases for low-value assets, and variable lease payments are recognised on a straight-line accrual basis as an expense on the income statement.

As the lessor

The HHLA Group lets properties in and around the Port of Hamburg as well as office properties, warehouses and other commercial space. The rental contracts are classified as operating leases, as the main risks and potential rewards of the properties remain with the Group. The properties are therefore held as investment properties at amortised cost.

Rental income from investment properties is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases.

Recognition of income and expenses

Income is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefit will flow to the Group and the amount of income can be determined reliably. The following criteria must also be met for income to be recognised:

Sale of goods and merchandise

A five-step model – in which the contract with a customer, the performance obligation and the transaction price are identified – is used to determine the time and amount at which revenue is to be recorded pursuant to IFRS 15. The model stipulates that revenue is to be recorded at the time control over goods or services passes from the company to the buyer and at the amount to which the company is expected to be entitled (acquisition of power of disposal).

Provision of services

Income from services is recognised in accordance with the extent to which the service has been provided over time or, if not applicable, at a point in time. If recorded over time, the extent to which the service has been provided is determined by the number of hours worked as of the balance sheet date as a percentage of the total number of hours estimated for the project. If the result of a service transaction cannot be estimated reliably, income is recognised only to the extent that the expenses incurred are eligible for reimbursement.

Interest

Interest income and interest expenses are recognised when they are accrued or incurred.

Dividends

Income from dividends is recognised in profit and loss when the Group has a legal right to payment. This does not apply to dividends distributed by companies accounted for using the equity method.

Income and expenses

Operating expenses are recognised in profit or loss when the service is rendered or when the expense is incurred. Income and expenses resulting from identical transactions or events are recognised in the same period. Rental expenses are recognised on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Government grants

Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable certainty that they will be granted and the company fulfils the necessary conditions. Grants paid as reimbursement for expenses are recognised as income over the period necessary to offset them against the expenses for which they are intended to compensate. If grants relate to an asset, they are generally deducted from the asset’s cost of purchase and recognised in profit and loss on a straight-line basis by reducing the depreciation for the asset over its useful life. The conditions for the subsidies include obligations to operate the subsidised equipment for a retention period of 5 to 20 years, observe certain operating criteria and provide the subsidising body with evidence for the use of the funds.

There is sufficient certainty that all the conditions have been or will be fulfilled for the government grants totalling € 61,083 thousand which were paid to the HHLA Group in the period between 2001 and 2021. These grants have been deducted from the cost of purchasing the subsidised investments. The HHLA Group received € 2,589 thousand in government grants in the reporting year.

Taxes

Current claims for tax rebates and tax liabilities

Current claims for tax rebates and tax liabilities for the financial year and prior periods are measured at the amount for which a rebate is expected from, or payment must be made to, the tax authorities. The tax rates and tax legislation in force as of the balance sheet date are used to determine the amount.

Deferred taxes

Deferred taxes are recognised by using the balance sheet liabilities method on all temporary differences as of the reporting date between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and the amount for tax purposes, as well as on tax loss carry-forwards.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences and unused tax loss carry-forwards proportionate to the probability that taxable income will be available to offset against the deductible temporary differences and the unused tax loss carry-forwards.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed on each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer likely that sufficient taxable profits will be available to use against the deferred tax asset. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are reviewed on each balance sheet date and recognised proportionate to the likelihood that future taxable profits will make it possible to use deferred tax assets.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the tax rates expected to apply in the period in which the asset is realised or the liability is met. Tax rates (and tax regulations) are applied if they have already been enacted as of the balance sheet date.

Income taxes relating to items recognised directly in equity are recognised in equity, likewise not affecting net income.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are netted only if the deferred taxes relate to income taxes for the same tax authority and the current taxes may also be set off against one another.

Derivative financial instruments and hedging transactions

During the reporting period, the Group did not conduct any hedging transactions to hedge fair value or net investments in a foreign operation. Currency hedging transactions to hedge future cash flows were conducted. Interest rate swaps also exist as part of interest rate management. The instruments are measured at fair value.