47. Management of Financial Risks

To finance its business activities, the Group uses short, medium and long-term bank loans, finance leases and hire-purchase agreements, as well as cash and short-term deposits. The Group has access to various other financial assets and liabilities, such as trade payables and receivables which arise directly from its business.

The Group also enters into derivative transactions. Derivative financial instruments are most likely to include interest rate hedging instruments such as interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and currency futures. The purpose of these derivative financial instruments is to manage interest rate, currency and commodity price risks which result from the Group’s business activities and its sources of financing.

Derivative financial instruments are used to hedge existing transactions and planned transactions which are sufficiently likely to take place. Hedging transactions are only concluded with counterparties with very good credit ratings. HHLA also makes use of external ratings to assess its counterparties’ creditworthiness. The Group does not hold derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

Interest Rate and Market Price Risk

As a result of its financing activities, the Group is exposed to an interest rate risk, which principally stems from medium to long-term borrowing at floating rates of interest.

Managing the Group’s interest expenses involves a combination of fixed and floating-rate debt, depending on the market. It is Group policy to arrange the majority of interest-bearing debt at fixed rates of interest, either by agreeing fixed rates with the lenders or by taking out interest rate swaps. These are used in the HHLA Group to reduce interest rate risks and may also be used to a minor extent to reduce currency and commodity price risks. Derivatives reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements are carried at fair value based on the market prices posted by counterparties. Resulting gains and losses are recognised through profit and loss in the financial result unless the derivative financial instrument is part of a designated cash flow hedging relationship. The effective portion of unrealised gains and losses on cash flow hedges is recognised in equity without effect on profit and loss.

The consolidated companies did not hold any interest rate swaps as of the balance sheet date.

As of the balance sheet date, 57.7 % of the Group’s borrowing was at fixed interest rates, (previous year: 75.9 % including an amount of € 8,354 thousand covered by interest rate swaps).

The fixed-interest financial instruments are not held at fair value and are therefore not subject to market price risks on the balance sheet.

Market price risks can, however, affect securities and equity investments in particular. Due to the minor scope of these instruments, the risk is deemed insignificant.

A change in the variable interest rate affects the interest expenses arising from floating-rate loans, the interest income from overnight deposits and time deposit investments, and the income from interest rate hedges and their fair value.

If the variable interest rate had been 0.5 percentage points higher as of the balance sheet date, interest expenses arising from floating-rate loans would have been € 629 thousand p.a. higher (previous year: € 437 thousand p.a.) and interest income from overnight deposits and time deposit investments would have been € 1,211 thousand p.a. higher (previous year: € 1,188 thousand p.a.).

Exchange Rate Risk

Due to investments in countries outside the eurozone, changes in exchange rates can affect the balance sheet. Foreign currency risks on individual transactions, such as the sale of a shareholding for example, are hedged by currency futures or currency options if a market analysis requires it. The hedging transactions are in the same currency as the hedged item. The Group only concludes currency futures contracts when specific claims or obligations exist.

As in the previous year, there were no currency futures contracts at the balance sheet date.

Revenue in the HHLA Group is predominantly invoiced in euros or in the national currencies of the European affiliates. Investments in these countries are largely transacted in euros.

USD-denominated financial instruments are held in Ukraine, which are subject to an exchange risk. If the euro lost 10 % against the US dollar, this would have a negative impact of just under € 2 million on equity. Depending on the parallel performance of the Ukrainian hryvnia against the US dollar, this full amount could be recognised through profit and loss and reduce the result for the period accordingly by up to almost € 2 million.

For all other currencies, changes in exchange rates do not pose a material risk to the Group.

Commodity Price Risk

The Group is primarily exposed to a commodity price risk when purchasing fuel. Depending on the market situation, the Group can arrange price hedges for part of its fuel requirements. This was not the case at the balance sheet date or on 31 December 2015.

In addition to the market risks mentioned, there are also financial risks in the form of credit and liquidity risks.

Credit Risk/Default Risk

The Group only maintains customer relationships on a credit basis with recognised, creditworthy third parties. Clients who wish to complete transactions with the Group on a credit basis are subject to a credit-scoring procedure. Receivables are also monitored on an ongoing basis and impairment allowances are made if risks are identified, such that the Group is not exposed to any additional significant default risks on receivables. The maximum default risk for the trade receivables and other financial receivables is theoretically the carrying amount for the individual receivable. HHLA has also taken out loan loss insurance to minimise default risks. This covers key outstanding receivables as of the balance sheet date.

The default risk in the case of derivative financial instruments and cash, cash equivalents and short-term deposits is, in theory, that of counterparty default and is therefore equivalent to the carrying amounts of the individual financial instruments. The risk of default can be considered to be very low, since the Group as a rule only conducts derivative financial transactions and liquid investments with counterparties with very good credit ratings. In addition, credit risks may arise if the contingent liabilities listed in Note 46 are incurred.

Liquidity Risk

The Group guarantees sufficient liquidity at all times with the help of medium-term liquidity planning, by diversifying the maturities of loans and finance leases, and by means of existing lines of credit and funding commitments. If covenants have been agreed for individual loans, they are monitored on an ongoing basis to make sure they are being complied with. HHLA will introduce measures it deems necessary to ensure that the covenants are met.

For details on bank loans and other loans, finance lease liabilities, financial liabilities towards employees and other financial liabilities, please refer to the table of residual maturities for financial liabilities in Note 38.

The consolidated companies did not hold any interest rate swaps as of the balance sheet date, so no interest outflows are anticipated.

Financial Instruments

Carrying Amounts and Fair Values

The table below shows the carrying amounts and fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, as well as their level in the fair value hierarchy, see also Note 6 and Note 7.

It does not include any information on financial assets held at fair value and financial liabilities which have not been measured at fair value, where the carrying amount serves as a reasonable approximation of the fair value.

In the previous year, the € 65 million loan granted by HGV (the holding company above the HHLA Group) to the Real Estate subgroup (see Note 48) was repaid following the placement of promissory note loans with a lower interest rate. Promissory note loans with a total volume of € 70 million were issued to banks and € 5 million to other creditors in 2015.

In the year under review, gains of € 45 thousand (previous year: € 148 thousand) were recognised in the income statement on financial assets and/or liabilities held at fair value through profit and loss. These primarily relate to interest rate hedges with no effective hedging relationship as per IAS 39.

In the reporting year, changes of € 119 thousand (previous year: € 245 thousand) in the fair value of financial instruments designated as hedging instruments (interest rate swaps) were recognised directly in equity.

All of the interest rate swaps had expired as of the balance sheet date. On 31 December 2015, the interest rate swaps disclosed covered a total amount of € 8,354 thousand. Of these, financial instruments covering an amount of € 6,065 thousand with a market value of € - 119 thousand were held as part of cash flow hedging relationships to hedge future cash flows from interest-bearing liabilities as of the balance sheet date.

The interest income and interest expenses recorded form part of the financial result. see Note 16.

There are no material differences between the carrying amounts and fair values of the financial instruments reported under non-current financial liabilities with details of fair value. They are therefore recognised at their carrying amount. Otherwise, the fair value must be stated.

Valuation Methods and Key Unobservable Input Factors for Calculating Fair Value

The tables below show the valuation methods used for Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurement and the key unobservable input factors utilised.